Enter haptic feedback. A breakthrough in medical simulation and robotics, haptic technology restores the sense of touch—transmitting sensations like pressure, resistance, and vibration to the surgeon. No longer confined to simulators and experimental labs, this innovation is now making its way into real-world surgical environments, dramatically improving training and operational outcomes.

Understanding Haptic Feedback

Haptic feedback refers to the use of tactile and force-based signals to replicate the experience of physical touch in virtual or remote environments. In surgical systems, this means providing the operator—often a surgeon—with the ability to feel how instruments interact with tissues, vessels, and bones.

There are two primary forms of haptic feedback:

• Kinesthetic feedback conveys information about the force, resistance, and motion of an object. It’s critical in tasks like cutting, pulling, or suturing.
• Tactile feedback simulates the texture, vibration, or subtle surface interactions, like feeling the grain of tissue or the pop of a ligament.

In surgical simulators and robotic systems, haptic feedback closes the loop in sensory-motor control. Instead of relying solely on visual monitoring, the surgeon can make decisions based on real-time tactile cues—leading to improved dexterity and accuracy.

Simulators Get Smarter: Training with Haptics

Surgical training is perhaps the most immediate beneficiary of haptic feedback. Simulators like the ProMIS system integrate advanced haptic mechanisms to recreate the feel of real surgery. These devices allow trainees to practice delicate tasks—such as laparoscopic suturing or tissue dissection—with realistic resistance and surface feel.

Key benefits of haptic simulators:

• Faster learning: Studies show up to 37% faster task completion.
• Greater accuracy: Up to 95% improvement in precision.
• Quantitative feedback: Performance metrics like force usage and completion time help fine-tune skills.

Traditional box trainers provide some tactile response, but they fall short of the nuanced simulation VR-based haptic systems can achieve. Yet, VR platforms still struggle to fully recreate the fidelity of real haptic sensations—posing challenges in skill transfer from simulator to surgical suite.

From Training Rooms to Operating Rooms

Historically, the surgical robotics field—led by companies like Intuitive Surgical—argued that visual feedback alone was sufficient. Expert surgeons adapted by learning to “see” tissue tension and force application without actually feeling it.

However, for younger or less experienced surgeons, the lack of tactile information adds a steep learning curve. Recognizing this, Intuitive recently introduced a version of the da Vinci system featuring integrated haptic feedback—a move that signals a paradigm shift in the industry.

The inclusion of haptics in real surgical systems is no longer a luxury—it’s rapidly becoming a minimum requirement, or as some suggest, “table stakes” for competitive surgical platforms.

Challenges of Bringing Haptics to Surgery

Why did it take so long for haptics to become mainstream in robotic surgery? The reasons are largely technical and practical:

• Sterilization: Surgical instruments must withstand harsh sterilization procedures, making it difficult to integrate sensitive haptic sensors.
• Miniaturization: Embedding feedback mechanisms into small, complex instruments without compromising their function is non-trivial.
• Real-time processing: Translating sensor input into meaningful tactile sensations with minimal delay requires robust computational infrastructure.

Despite these hurdles, the field has advanced dramatically, and we’re now seeing clinical-grade systems that balance durability with nuanced feedback.

Haptics in Thoracic and Minimally Invasive Surgeries

In procedures like video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or robot-assisted knot-tying, haptic feedback is particularly valuable. These surgeries involve minimal visual and tactile access, increasing the importance of every sensory input available.

Key improvements with haptics in these procedures include:

• Reduced applied force, lowering the risk of tissue damage.
• Improved knot security in suturing tasks.
• Shorter hospital stays due to fewer complications.

This level of control allows surgeons to operate more confidently, even in anatomically constrained or high-risk scenarios.

Beyond Force: Expanding the Haptic Horizon

Currently, most systems offer force-based (kinesthetic) feedback, but the next frontier lies in tactile richness—adding sensations like temperature, tissue compliance, and micro-texture. In the same way that surgical imaging has evolved to include hyperspectral and fluorescence modalities, haptic technologies are poised to expand what surgeons can feel.

Future possibilities include:

• Tissue stiffness differentiation, aiding in tumor localization.
• Thermal cues for identifying inflammation or infection.
• Moisture and surface texture recognition, enhancing realism.

Such sensory augmentation could elevate robotic surgery to superhuman levels of perception—not just replacing, but enhancing human touch.

Cognitive Load and Neural Efficiency: How Haptics Help the Brain

Studies reveal that haptic feedback doesn’t just improve performance—it makes it less mentally exhausting. Tasks completed with haptic-enabled prosthetics or simulators show:

• Higher task success rates.
• Lower cognitive effort, as measured by neuroimaging (e.g., fNIRS).
• Better “neural efficiency”—a concept that ties brain activity levels to performance quality.

This is particularly relevant for novice surgeons, who often face cognitive overload when multitasking complex surgical procedures with unfamiliar equipment.

Haptic Shared Control

Researchers are exploring hybrid control systems where both human input and robotic autonomy work together. Known as haptic shared control, this approach allows:

• Human-robot collaboration, where the robot assists in repetitive or sensitive tasks.
• Real-time adjustment based on haptic feedback and user preference.
• Faster task completion with higher precision.

Experiments show that users lifting brittle, weight-variable objects (simulating fragile tissues) perform significantly better under shared control with haptic feedback, even when the robot determines the grip force.

Bridging the Virtual-Real Gap in Surgical Training

One of the core challenges in medical education is skill transfer from VR to real surgery. Research shows that while training in physical environments translates well to virtual environments, the reverse isn’t always true.

This gap may stem from differences in haptic rendering and dynamic interaction in VR platforms, which can distort a trainee’s tactile expectations. Interestingly, applying brain stimulation (tDCS) during VR training has shown promise in improving the transfer of skills by enhancing cerebellar pre-planning capabilities.

Fundamental Research in Perception and Adaptation

Even when haptic signals are filtered through robotic interfaces, humans show a remarkable ability to adapt. Experiments with various teleoperator configurations reveal that users quickly learn the dynamics of new systems—compensating for mechanical stiffness or delay with minimal training.

This plasticity opens doors for designing more intuitive and responsive haptic interfaces, even in constrained settings like space missions, underwater operations, or combat zones.

The Mirror Effect: A Glimpse into Perceptual Haptics

In a more experimental vein, researchers explored a phenomenon where a visual cue through a mirror, when combined with minimal tactile input (like a finger tap), convinced users they were being stroked along the entire finger. This novel illusion demonstrates how vision can powerfully augment or override tactile perception, hinting at future applications in VR and AR-based surgical training.

Such illusions could pave the way for lower-cost, lower-complexity haptic systems that rely on perceptual tricks rather than expensive hardware.

Conclusion

Haptic feedback is no longer just a promising feature in the prototype phase—it is redefining what’s possible in robotic surgery, simulation, and prosthetics. By bridging the sensory gap between surgeon and patient, haptic technology enables more intuitive, effective, and safer procedures. From improving task accuracy and cognitive efficiency to enhancing trainee learning curves and pioneering perceptual illusions, haptics is quietly becoming the backbone of next-generation surgical systems.

As leading platforms adopt this innovation and research pushes boundaries further, the future of surgery won’t just be seen—it will be felt.

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Robotic surgery is inherently different from traditional techniques. It involves complex systems and instruments that demand a high level of coordination, dexterity, and decision-making. Acquiring foundational skills ensures that surgeons can perform procedures with the necessary accuracy and fluidity. Moreover, these skills are critical in minimizing errors and complications, essential for patient safety.

This article explores the essential robotic surgical skills, providing insights into their development and evaluation.

1. Mastering the Fundamentals

At the core of robotic surgery are fundamental skills that form the bedrock for more advanced procedures. These include:

a. EndoWrist Manipulation

EndoWrist instruments mimic the dexterity of the human wrist, enabling intricate movements within the surgical site. Proficiency in manipulating these instruments is critical, requiring surgeons to master tasks like clutching, rotating, and precise positioning.

b. Three-Dimensional Vision and Camera Control

Robotic systems provide immersive 3D visualization, which enhances depth perception. Effective camera control, ensuring optimal focus and angles, is vital. This involves steady hand coordination and the ability to anticipate procedural needs.

c. Coordination and Clutching

Coordinating robotic arms while managing clutch controls ensures smooth transitions between tasks. This skill is fundamental for maintaining fluidity and minimizing unnecessary instrument movement.

2. Virtual Reality (VR) Simulation Training

Simulation-based training is a cornerstone of robotic surgery education. Virtual reality platforms offer an ideal environment to develop technical skills in a controlled setting. Key exercises include:

• Pick and Place Tasks: Enhancing hand-eye coordination and spatial awareness.
• Camera Targeting Drills: Refining camera navigation and positioning.
• Peg Board Tasks: Improving dexterity and precision in instrument handling.

Benchmarks for competency are often set based on expert performance scores, with standards like achieving 75% of the mean expert score being widely adopted. These benchmarks ensure that trainees progress systematically and adequately prepare for advanced training stages.

3. Dry Lab Training

Dry labs offer a cost-effective way to practice surgical tasks using robotic systems. By utilizing materials such as beads, sutures, and anatomical models, trainees can simulate cutting, suturing, and grasping exercises. Key benefits include:

• Realistic Console Experience: Trainees practice on the da Vinci Surgical System console, gaining familiarity with its interface.
• Troubleshooting Skills: Dry labs provide an opportunity to learn camera adjustments, instrument calibration, and console controls.

However, dry labs lack standardized assessment methods, necessitating close supervision by expert trainers to provide meaningful feedback.

4. Wet Lab Training

To simulate actual surgical conditions, wet labs use biological tissues, such as frozen animal parts, human body parts, or live animal models. These sessions enable trainees to:

• Experience tissue handling and response to robotic instruments.
• Practice vascular control and diathermy techniques.
• Develop skills in suturing and dissection under near-live conditions.

Although wet labs offer unparalleled realism, they come with challenges, such as high costs and limited availability, especially for live animal models.

5. Structured Operating Room Training

Once foundational skills are mastered, trainees transition to operating room (OR) training. This phase follows a modular approach:

• Stepwise Progression: Trainees begin with simple tasks, gradually taking on more complex responsibilities under mentor supervision.
• Dual Console Systems: Dual consoles allow mentors to intervene seamlessly, increasing trainee operating time and confidence.
• Tele-Mentoring: Emerging technologies enable remote mentoring, offering real-time guidance and expanding access to expert feedback.

6. Developing Non-Technical Skills

While technical proficiency is paramount, non-technical skills are crucial to surgical success. These include:

• Teamwork and Communication: Effective collaboration among surgical teams reduces errors and enhances patient safety.
• Decision-Making: Rapid, informed decisions are critical in dynamic surgical environments.
• Situational Awareness: Understanding the overall surgical scenario and anticipating potential complications are vital.

Training programs like Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) and Oxford NOTECHS II provide structured approaches to developing these competencies.

7. Competency-Based Assessments

Competency assessment ensures that trainees are ready to progress through various training stages. Methods include:

• Robotic Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills (R-OSATS): Scoring drills based on depth perception, accuracy, tissue handling, dexterity, and efficiency.
• Benchmarks for Proficiency: Setting minimum scores, such as 14 out of 20 for R-OSATS drills, ensures objective evaluation.
• Crowd-Sourced Assessments: Recorded drills assessed by a diverse pool of experts provide a feasible alternative to in-person evaluations.

Conclusion

The pathway to mastering robotic surgery involves a blend of technical and non-technical skill development supported by rigorous training and evaluation. Trainees can achieve the competency required to perform robotic procedures with precision and safety by emphasizing proficiency at every stage- from VR simulations to live surgeries. As technology and training methods continue to evolve, the future of robotic surgery promises even more incredible advancements, ensuring optimal outcomes for patients worldwide.

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A robotic platform is a system or setup designed to integrate robotic technologies into surgical or other specialized procedures. These platforms typically consist of robotic arms, advanced imaging systems, control consoles, and software that work together to aid human operators (usually surgeons) perform tasks more efficiently, accurately, and precisely.

In this article, we will look at an overview of some notable upcoming robotic surgical systems:

1. Asensus Surgical – Senhance & Luna

Senhance: The Senhance Surgical System is a minimally invasive robotic platform designed to bring precision and efficiency to laparoscopic surgeries. It offers advanced 3D vision, haptic feedback, and reusable instruments, reducing operational costs. It features a compact design that enables flexible movement in tight spaces. The system provides a 360-degree range of motion and the ability to visualize tissues in high definition, enhancing the surgeon’s experience.

Luna: Luna is an upcoming robotic system by Asensus that promises to expand the capabilities of robotic surgery. It is expected to bring a more intuitive user interface, advanced artificial intelligence (AI) integration for decision support, and more versatile robotic arms to improve the effectiveness of surgeries across different specialties.

2. Avatera Medical – Avatera

The Avatera platform from Avatera Medical is a compact robotic system optimized for laparoscopic surgery. It provides an immersive 3D high-definition camera system that helps surgeons visualize complex anatomical structures. The system is designed to offer easy setup, ease of use, and precise instrument handling, which can help enhance the efficiency of minimally invasive procedures.

3. Cambridge Medical Robotics (CMR) – Versius

Versius is a modular and flexible robotic surgical system developed by CMR. It is designed to adapt to various surgical procedures, including urology, gynecology, and colorectal surgery. Versius stands out due to its lightweight design, which provides surgeons with greater freedom to move and adjust instruments during surgery. It features high-definition 3D vision, intuitive control, and a fully articulating arm to facilitate precise movements.

4. Distal Motion – Dexter

Dexter by Distal Motion is designed to make robotic surgery more accessible and cost-effective while maintaining high precision and flexibility. The system focuses on providing intuitive control through its platform, featuring 3D visualization and advanced motion scaling. It targets minimally invasive surgeries, ensuring that surgeons can perform complex procedures with ease and accuracy.

5. Endoquest Robotics – Endoluminal Surgical (ELS)

ELS by Endoquest Robotics is focused on endoluminal surgeries, which aim to access internal organs through natural openings in the body. The platform features a specialized set of tools designed for procedures like colorectal and gastrointestinal surgeries. By reducing the number of incisions needed, the system aims to enhance patient recovery times and minimize surgical risks.

6. Johnson & Johnson – Ottava

Ottava by Johnson & Johnson is a highly innovative robotic surgery system integrating advanced technology and precision into one platform. It incorporates four robotic arms into the operating table, enhancing maneuverability. Ottava is designed to be flexible, enabling surgeons to use multiple tools and perform various surgeries with a single system. It aims to integrate existing surgical technologies seamlessly and improve surgical outcomes.

7. Levita Magnetics – MARS

MARS (Magnetic Assisted Robotic Surgery) is a unique system developed by Levita Magnetics. Instead of using traditional robotic arms, MARS uses magnetic fields to move and position surgical instruments. This innovative approach allows for minimally invasive procedures with fewer incisions. MARS has been used for surgeries such as prostate gland removal, where precision is key to preserving delicate tissues and functions.

8. Medicaroid – Hinotori

The Hinotori system by Medicaroid is a robotic surgical platform designed for delicate and minimally invasive surgeries. Focusing on precision and flexibility, the system integrates high-definition imaging and advanced motion control, offering surgeons unparalleled accuracy during complex procedures. It is a notable option for abdominal, thoracic, and urological surgeries.

9. Medrobotics Corp – Flex® Robotic System

Flex® by Medrobotics Corp is designed for endoscopic surgeries that require high flexibility, such as those involving the throat, lungs, or digestive system. The system features a flexible robotic arm that can navigate natural orifices, reducing the need for invasive cuts. Surgeons can easily manipulate the robotic arms, allowing for more precise and effective procedures.

10. Medtronic – Hugo

Hugo is a robotic surgical system by Medtronic designed for urologic and gynecological surgeries, among others. The system allows for precise control over surgical instruments through a console and offers high-definition 3D vision and haptic feedback. Hugo is widely recognized for its reliability and ease of use in various clinical environments, making it one of the most established platforms in robotic surgery.

11. meerecompany – Revo‑I

Revo‑I is a robotic platform designed for minimally invasive surgery. It offers enhanced precision, flexibility, and control, making it suitable for various procedures. The platform aims to simplify robotic surgery by making the system more affordable and accessible to healthcare providers while still ensuring high-quality outcomes.

12. Momentis Surgical – Anovo Hominis

The Momentis Surgical Anovo Hominis system is a compact and efficient robotic platform designed to bring high-level precision to the operating table while minimizing the space and complexity of traditional robotic systems. The system promises to reduce setup time and improve the overall surgical workflow, giving surgeons more time to focus on patient care.

13. Moon Surgical – Maestro

Maestro by Moon Surgical is an emerging robotic surgery platform designed for precision and minimal invasiveness. The system is expected to enhance surgeons’ dexterity and flexibility during laparoscopic and other minimally invasive surgeries. Maestro features intuitive controls, high-definition imaging, and adaptable tools.

14. Rob Surgical Systems – S Bitrack System

The S Bitrack System is designed to provide surgeons with complete control over their instruments, allowing them to perform surgeries with precision and flexibility. Its compact design and intuitive controls make it a versatile solution for various surgeries, especially in minimally invasive fields like urology and general surgery.

15. Ronovo Surgical – Carina

The Carina system by Ronovo Surgical focuses on providing intuitive control for minimally invasive surgeries. It is equipped with high-definition vision, accurate instrument control, and real-time data analytics, helping surgeons make informed decisions during operations.

16. Sagebot – KangDou

KangDou by Sagebot is a robotic surgical platform that offers precision and flexibility. It is suited for various minimally invasive surgeries, allowing surgeons to perform complex procedures and reduce patient recovery time quickly.

17. Surgerii Robotics – Shurui

Shurui by Surgerii Robotics is a robotic platform designed to assist in performing complex surgeries with precision. The system provides high flexibility in instrument control and aims to make surgery less invasive, reducing the strain on the patient and improving recovery rates.

18. SS Innovation – Mantra

Mantra by SS Innovation is an advanced robotic system designed to improve surgical outcomes in minimally invasive surgeries. With its ergonomic design and ability to offer high-precision control, Mantra enables surgeons to perform delicate procedures more accurately.

19. Titan Medical – Enos

Enos by Titan Medical is a compact robotic system for minimally invasive surgeries. It emphasizes flexibility and precision, allowing surgeons to perform complex procedures quickly. Enos features a user-friendly interface and provides superior 3D visualization to improve surgical performance.

20. Vicarious Medical – Vicarious

The Vicarious platform by Vicarious Medical aims to provide a highly intuitive robotic surgical experience. It is expected to integrate cutting-edge technology such as AI and machine learning to help surgeons make decisions during surgeries, further improving outcomes.

21. Microport Medbot – Toumai

Toumai by Microport Medbot is a flexible robotic system for surgical precision and efficiency. It integrates advanced imaging technology and robotic arms to assist in minimally invasive surgeries, enhancing the precision of even the most delicate operations.

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These advancements empower surgeons to perform complex procedures with exceptional accuracy, leading to a multitude of benefits for patients. These include smaller incisions, reduced blood loss and pain, and faster recovery times. Robotic surgery has also opened the door for surgeons without prior laparoscopic training to provide patients with the advantages of minimally invasive surgery.

While the popularity of robot-assisted surgery has surged in the US, Europe, Australia, and other developed nations, its adoption in India is still in its early stages. However, the number of hospitals equipped with surgical robots is steadily increasing. The primary factor hindering the rapid growth of robotic surgery in India is financial. The substantial cost of the robot itself, coupled with annual maintenance and disposable supply costs, make it financially challenging for many hospitals and patients. Additionally, the lack of robotic surgery fellowships within India necessitates aspiring surgeons to seek training abroad, further impeding progress in the field.

Nevertheless, the surgical robotics market in India is projected to experience substantial growth, with estimates indicating a rise from $129.9 million in 2016 to $372.5 million by 2025, at a CAGR of 19.2 percent. India has already witnessed the successful performance of over 700 robotic-assisted surgeries per month across specialties like urology, gynecology, general surgery, thoracic and cardiac surgery, ENT, and neurosurgery.

Leading Hospitals for Robotic Surgery in India (2024):

Chennai:

• Apollo Hospitals: A pioneer and leader in robotic surgery in India, Apollo Chennai offers a wide array of robotic procedures across various specialties, with state-of-the-art facilities and a highly experienced team.
• Global Health City: A multi-specialty hospital known for its comprehensive robotic surgery program, especially in the fields of urology, gynecology, and oncology.
• MGM Healthcare: This super-specialty hospital features a dedicated robotic surgery unit and offers a range of minimally invasive procedures.
• Global Hospitals: Part of a large network, Global Hospitals Chennai has a well-established robotic surgery program catering to multiple specialties.

New Delhi:

• Apollo Hospitals: The Delhi branch of Apollo Hospitals also boasts a strong robotic surgery program, known for its expertise in various specialties and advanced technology.
• Artemis Hospital: Renowned for its robotic surgery capabilities in urology, gynecology, and gastrointestinal surgery, with a focus on minimally invasive techniques.
• BLK Super Speciality Hospital: Offers robotic surgery in multiple specialties, including urology, gynecology, and oncology, with a strong emphasis on personalized care.
• Fortis Hospitals: A major player in robotic surgery, the Delhi branch of Fortis offers a wide range of procedures with a focus on innovation and quality.
• Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals: Known for its excellence in robotic urology, gynecology, and oncology, with experienced surgeons and state-of-the-art facilities.
• Max Super Speciality Hospital: Offers a broad spectrum of robotic surgeries with a commitment to patient-centric care and the latest da Vinci systems.
• Dharamshila Cancer Hospital: Specializes in robotic oncology procedures, offering minimally invasive treatment options for various cancers.
• Indian Spinal Injuries Center: This specialized hospital utilizes robotic technology for complex spinal surgeries, providing precision and minimizing risks.
• Jaypee Hospital: Offers robotic surgery in multiple specialties, with a focus on minimally invasive techniques and advanced technology.
• Paras Hospitals: A multi-specialty hospital with a well-equipped robotic surgery department, catering to various surgical needs.
• Primus Super Speciality Hospital: Offers robotic surgery across different specialties, with a focus on patient comfort and faster recovery.
• Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Hospital: A leading cancer center that utilizes robotic surgery for various oncological procedures, offering patients minimally invasive treatment options.
• Rockland Hospital: Provides robotic surgery in multiple specialties, with a focus on personalized care and advanced technology.
• Seven Hills Hospital: This multi-specialty hospital offers robotic surgery in various fields, including urology, gynecology, and gastrointestinal surgery.

Gurgaon:

• Fortis Memorial Research Institute: A leading center for robotic surgery, particularly in urology, gynecology, and gastrointestinal surgery.
• Medanta Hospital: Known for its comprehensive robotic surgery program across multiple specialties, with a focus on advanced technology and personalized care.

Mumbai:

• Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital: A center of excellence for robotic surgery in urology, gynecology, and oncology, with a dedicated team and world-class facilities.
• Bombay Hospital: Offers robotic surgery in various specialties, with a focus on minimally invasive techniques and patient recovery.
• Global Hospitals: The Mumbai branch of Global Hospitals also provides a wide range of robotic surgeries across different specialties.
• Hinduja Hospital: A well-established hospital with a robust robotic surgery program, especially in the areas of urology, gynecology, and oncology.
• Hiranandani Hospital: Offers robotic surgery in multiple specialties, with a commitment to patient-centric care and advanced technology.

Bangalore:

• Asia Columbia Group of Hospitals: A network of hospitals providing robotic surgery in various specialties, with a focus on minimally invasive techniques.
• BGS Global Hospital: Offers a wide range of robotic surgeries across different disciplines, with a strong focus on patient safety and satisfaction.

Hyderabad:

• Aware Global Hospital: Specializes in robotic surgery for various specialties, with experienced surgeons and advanced technology.
• Asian Institute of Nephrology and Urology: A leading center for robotic urological surgery, known for its expertise in complex procedures and innovative techniques.
• Global Hospitals: The Hyderabad branch of Global Hospitals also provides a range of robotic surgeries across different specialties.

Kochi:

• Aster Medcity: A multi-specialty hospital that offers robotic surgery across various disciplines, equipped with advanced technology and experienced surgeons.

Ahmedabad:

• Shalby Hospital: A multi-specialty hospital that offers robotic surgery in several fields, with a focus on minimally invasive techniques and patient recovery.

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This article delves into the intriguing history of robotic surgery, explores its myriad benefits, and highlights its application in head and neck surgical procedures, all while considering the factors of cost-effectiveness and patient acceptance.

The Birth of Robotic Surgery

The journey of robotic surgery began in 1985 with the creation of the PUMA 560 – the pioneer robotic surgery system. Initially designed to enhance the accuracy of image-guided intracranial biopsies, this innovation laid the foundation for a medical revolution. In the early 1990s, the ROBODOC system received FDA approval for arthroscopic hip surgery, marking the first instance of a robotic system being employed in medical procedures.

Telepresence Surgery and Technological Advancements

Around the same time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) joined forces to develop telepresence surgery. This groundbreaking concept involved virtually transporting a surgeon from a distant location into the operating theater. As surgeons became well-versed in minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques, they recognized the limitations of rigid equipment and two-dimensional views. To overcome these challenges, semi-rigid robotic equipment with three-dimensional views was developed, leading to innovations like the Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning (AESOP). AESOP was a robotic arm guided by a surgeon’s voice commands that manipulated an endoscopic camera, significantly improving surgical visualization.

The Rise of the da Vinci Surgical System

In the world of robotic-assisted surgery, the da Vinci Surgical System has risen to prominence and now stands as one of the most widely used robotic systems. It functions on a master-slave model, with a surgical robotic cart housing multiple control arms that can be remotely operated from a console. The surgical cart includes arms with cameras and EndoWrist instruments that provide exceptional maneuverability, giving surgeons precise control during procedures. This technology incorporates video-assisted visualization, PC enhancement, and a three-dimensional image, offering a depth of perception unparalleled by traditional methods.

Robotic Surgery in Head and Neck Procedures

Robotic-assisted surgery has made significant inroads in head and neck surgical procedures. For instance, in 2001, robots were employed to insert craniomandibular implants for securing silicone ear prostheses onto the skull, reducing surgical complications and enhancing accuracy.

In thyroid surgery, a study conducted in 2007 demonstrated that robotic-assisted bilateral transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy (r-baea) was both feasible and safe, with the added advantage of minimal scarring, reduced postoperative pain, and a quicker return to normal activities.

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has also been pivotal in treating head and neck cancer. A study conducted in 2009 evaluated functional outcomes in TORS patients, demonstrating positive results with patients resuming oral intake within weeks of surgery.

Robotic Surgery for Oropharyngeal Cancer

Robotic surgery has proven effective in treating oropharyngeal cancer. A study from 2010 reported promising outcomes with a recurrence-free survival rate of 86.5% for patients undergoing transoral robotic-assisted resection. These results underscore the potential of TORS as a primary surgical modality for cancer control.

Treatment of Sleep Disorders

Robotic surgery has even found applications in treating sleep disorders. In 2013, researchers evaluated the efficacy of base of tongue (BOT) resection via TORS in managing obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). The study demonstrated significant improvements in apnea-hypopnea index (AH-i), daytime somnolence, and snoring intensity.

Cost-Effectiveness and Patient Acceptance

While robotic-assisted surgery offers numerous advantages, it’s essential to consider cost-effectiveness and patient acceptance. Studies have shown that robotic surgery can reduce hospital stays, decrease healthcare costs, and result in shorter patient recovery times. Moreover, patients often report higher satisfaction levels due to minimal scarring and reduced postoperative pain.

Conclusion

The history of robotic surgery is one of innovation, progress, and life-changing medical advancements. Robotic-assisted surgery has transformed the healthcare landscape from its humble beginnings with the PUMA 560 to the widespread use of the da Vinci Surgical System. Its applications in head and neck surgery, cancer treatment, and sleep disorder management demonstrate the versatility and potential of this groundbreaking technology. As it continues to evolve, robotic-assisted surgery promises to further improve patient outcomes and revolutionize the surgical field.

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Even in anatomical areas too difficult to reach by human surgeons, surgical robots can perform complex procedures with geometrical precision. The key driver for the growth of the surgical robotics market is the increased demand and adoption of minimally invasive surgeries.

Anthony Fernando, the CEO and President of Asensus Surgical, an industry leader in robotics-assisted laparoscopic surgery, foresees changes within the surgical robotics market, telehealth, telesurgery, and augmented intelligence in the coming year. He extrapolates from current trends and provides insights into the future of telesurgery and surgical robotics.

Surgical Robots Market

Prediction 1: The global robotic-assisted surgery market will keep pace with industry projections by assuring facilities of reduced surgical variability and lower cost of ownership with standard reusable instruments and an open-platform architecture strategy that enables hospitals to leverage existing technology investments. With an impending surgeon shortage and an aging surgeon demographic, robotic-assisted surgery will also continue to extoll the virtue of a more ergonomic surgeon seating position to alleviate the physical burden and reduce surgeon fatigue.

Rationale: The global surgical robots market will reach USD 14.4 billion by 2026 from USD 6.4 billion in 2021. Growth in this market is primarily driven by the advantages of robotic-assisted surgery, the increasing adoption of technological advancements in surgical robots, and the increase in funding for medical robot research.

Prediction 2: To counteract a decrease in hospital budgets worldwide, we’ll see an introduction of new surgery platforms and technology ownership models. This will rely on a decrease in the price of innovative technologies that are becoming more widely adopted—such as robotics-assisted technology—which will also decrease costs as innovations such as augmented intelligence and machine vision technologies are introduced.

Rationale: In the last few years, hospitals worldwide have experienced a decrease in their budgets, primarily due to declining federal budgets. Staff layoffs, facility upgrades delays, and capital equipment purchases such as high-cost robotic systems have all been halted due to cost-cutting.

Increasing penetration of surgical robots in ASCs

Prediction 3: Ambulatory surgery centers typically perform high-volume, low-cost procedures, which can be supported by robotics-assisted technology (ASCs). Robotics-assisted technology has a low operating cost due to reusable instruments and an open-platform architecture that allows hospitals to capitalize on their existing technology investments. We will see an increase in the adoption of robotics-assisted technology as these low-cost operating costs are passed on to ASCs to keep the cost-per-procedure comparable.

Rationale: Ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) are outpatient surgical, diagnostic, and preventive procedures that do not require admission to a hospital. Governments, third-party payers, and patients all benefit from the cost-effectiveness of ASCs.

Telehealth/telesurgery

Prediction 5: As 5G becomes more prevalent, coupled with robotics-assisted technologies, we will shift toward telesurgery.

Rationale: The future of telesurgery relies on two factors: the availability of 5G and the widespread adoption of robotics-assisted technologies.

Prediction 6: Last mile logistics will benefit from 5G and the adoption of robotics-assisted technologies, where land and air drones could be driver-controlled or autonomous.

Augmented intelligence

Prediction 7: The expansion of robotics-assisted technology into smartphone applications and games, such as Pokemon GO and Google Maps recording your last visit to a location, will continue. Similar to how augmented intelligence improves workflows and enables new levels of precision and accuracy, big data analytics applications will identify opportunities to target and influence decisions.

Rationale: Artificial Intelligence is the creation of machines to work and react like humans (potentially replacing humans). Augmented intelligence uses those same machines to enhance the human worker (not replacing the surgeon, but becoming a digital assistant). Augmented intelligence can enhance workflows and enable new levels of precision and accuracy to be carried out with the ultimate goal of delivering consistently superior surgical outcomes.

“Surgery today is inconsistent. Surgeons of all skill levels, experience, and training perform similar procedures but have different outcomes. But with technological assistance, we can help reduce avoidable complications by reducing surgical variability,” said Anthony Fernando, who sets the overall strategic vision and oversees the organic growth of Asensus Surgical.

“At Asensus Surgical, we spearhead this mission by digitizing the interface between surgeons and patients worldwide. Our Senhance® Surgical System leverages augmented intelligence, machine vision, and deep learning to mitigate unintended and preventable complications and provide critical real-time information. Together with surgeons, we are pioneering a new era of Performance-Guided Surgery, allowing them to become more intuitive, more responsive, and more focused, enabling consistently superior outcomes and setting new standards of patient care,” he added.

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Healthcare robots are systems capable of performing coordinated mechatronic actions (force or movement exertions) to support impaired individuals experiencing severe difficulties with physical, cognitive functioning, or behavioral and mental health – either temporary or permanent, acute or chronic.

Robotics technology has demonstrated a clear potential for stimulating the development of new medical treatments for a wide range of diseases and disorders, improving the standard and accessibility of care, improving patient health outcomes, filling quantitative care gaps, supporting caregivers, and assisting healthcare workers.

Every robot used in healthcare is not the same. Healthcare robots come in various levels of autonomy, and the range of robotic system niches in medicine and healthcare currently includes a diverse range of environments, user populations, and interaction modalities. The most interesting applications of healthcare robots include robotic surgery, care, and socially assistive robots, rehabilitation systems, and training for healthcare workers.

This post explores three main types of healthcare robots: surgical robots, assistive robots, and healthcare service robots.

1. Surgical robots

Surgical robots are service robots that assist surgeons during operations. Surgical robotics had evolved into a highly dynamic and rapidly growing field of application and research, attracting increasing clinical attention worldwide since the mid-1980s, when the first robotic-assisted surgical procedures were performed.

Initially designed for a specific set of surgical procedures, advances in ergonomics, computing power, hardware dexterity, safety, and surgical ease have allowed the rapid adoption and dissemination of new robotic-assisted surgical procedures. These include a growing number of minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as those involving the insertion of a small laparoscopic device into the human body rather than opening the patient up.

Increased accuracy, dexterity, tremor corrections, scaled motion, and haptic corrective feedback – all of which result in less damage to the patient’s body, more successful surgeries, and less invasive procedures that result in shorter patient recovery time and hospital stay, less pain, blood loss, visible scars and discomfort, and a lower risk of complications after the procedure.

The surgical procedures currently performed with the help of surgical robots include cardiac surgery, cosmetic surgery, dental surgery, endocrine surgery, endoscopic surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, gynecology, ocular surgery, orthopedic surgery otorhinolaryngology, plastic and reconstructive surgery, thoracic surgery, urology, and vascular surgery.

Based on the robots’ capability and the surgeon’s role in performing the desired task, surgical robots can be classified into three categories: shared-controlled, tele-controlled, and supervisory-controlled.

The shared-controlled refers to a surgical environment where one or more robotic devices work with the surgeon. The surgeon and the robotic system jointly perform the surgical procedure. The tele-controlled approach allows a human surgeon to operate the robotic surgical device (close) with no pre-programmed or autonomous elements.

The supervisory-controlled approach is the most automated, often powered by artificial intelligence (AI). It entails robotic systems programmed to perform a surgical procedure in part – but not entirely – autonomously, with the surgeon acting as a supervisor. The surgeon’s role in devising a surgical strategy and overseeing the robot’s execution remains critical.

2. Assistive robots

Assistive robots are service robots that can help people. The physical and the practical are usually linked in the concept of assistance: carrying a heavy load with an exoskeleton, performing precise surgical movements, or performing a menial task. Therefore, assistive robotics refers to robots that give physical support to people with physical disabilities.

Today, assistive robots also cover socially assistive robots (SAR), i.e., those robots that assist users through non-physical interaction using social cues with older adults in nursing homes. In this sense, assistive robots aid, assess, and motivate those in need, including patients, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities. In other words, assistive robots are service robots assisting a user through physical or social interaction.

Socially assistive robots can be divided into therapy robots and care robots. Therapy or therapeutic robots are used for robotherapy, in which a series of coping skills are oriented towards physical rehabilitation. Care robots provide assistance in the form of care, including companionship, pet therapy, active assisted living, and sex care.

3. Healthcare service robots (HSR)

In addition to the robots that assist doctors and other medical personnel during procedures and other therapeutic applications, some robots aid in the delivery of care and support the work of doctors and other medical personnel in other ways. These robots assist in the delivery of medication and supplies and improve patient-doctor communication and clean hospital facilities. Healthcare service robots are the name for these robots (HSR).

HSRs can streamline routine tasks, reduce the physical demands on human workers, and ensure more consistent processes. These robots can also keep track of inventory and place timely orders, helping make sure supplies, equipment, and medication are needed at the relevant time. Mobile Cleaning and disinfection robots allow hospital rooms to be quickly sanitized and readied for incoming patients. HSRs can also be an excellent tool for sanitary reasons, vital in care settings.

There is a wide variety of healthcare service robots available today, namely routine task robots (delivering food and medicine, pushing beds, carrying linens, or transferring lab specimens), telepresence robots, disinfectant robots, delivery robots, remote inpatient care robots, automated dispensing robots, remote outpatient care robots, infection prevention robots, and general cleaning robots.

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Robots with 3D navigation can be used for invasive dental procedures such as tooth preparation and autonomous dental implant placement, in addition to serving as dental assistants. With full-body robotics, haptic interface technology, and advanced simulation, robotic systems can also play a role in education, particularly in training dental students.

Although dentistry offers multiple opportunities for robotic automation and assistive technology to enhance the quality of dental care, robotic transformation is still facing diverse types of challenges, such as high acquisition cost and innate intricacy. This post will explore some of the use cases of robots in dentistry.

1. Dental implantology

The success of dental implant treatment is highly dependent on the accuracy with which implants are placed. To reduce errors in implant positioning, dentists use surgical template guidance and navigation systems. However, the missing tooth site and mouth opening limitations may create awkward working positions, potentially causing operator fatigue and human errors. Robot-assisted implant surgery improves implant placement flexibility, stability, and accuracy.

2. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

As malignant oropharyngeal lesions are not always easily accessible, conventional treatment often entails radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Mandibulotomy with mandibular displacement and lip split is the most common method of salvage surgery. Robotic oral and maxillofacial surgery is becoming an attractive possibility, especially in treating oropharyngeal carcinoma.

3. Prosthetic & Restorative Dentistry

According to the American Dental Association (ADA), approximately 113 million adults in the United States are missing at least one tooth. 19 million people are missing all of their teeth. Masticatory and vocal functions are severely harmed after natural teeth are lost due to changes in craniofacial morphology. Prosthodontics is required as soon as possible to restore craniofacial morphology and function in edentulous patients and protect the temporomandibular joint. Prosthetic dentistry robots can make partial or complete dentures. Robotics research in prosthetic dentistry would be a technological and theoretical breakthrough.

4. Endodontics

Root canal therapy necessitates a high level of precision and accuracy. Generally, a clinician specializing in endodontic works utilizes magnification to ensure sufficient vision of the root canal system. A robot system to assist while performing root canal therapy can provide the clinician with the required instrumentation for the procedure. This robot can be deployed for other applications, including preventing peri-implant infection or dental caries.

5. Oral Radiology

An oral radiologist can penetrate the oral cavity in almost every aspect of the tooth, minimally invasive. However, using robots can have several benefits. By applying robotics, the oral radiologist can work remotely to avoid any radiation exposure. A robotic system with many DOF in navigation makes dexterity much better than humans. As a result, navigation of radiographic tools in teeth with complex morphology and anatomy would be safer, simpler, and easier.

6. Dental Hygiene Applications

Removing plaque by powered or manual toothbrushing is the most productive preventive method for controlling oral diseases. Robotic systems could be used to compare and repeatably test the effectiveness of toothbrushes and their abrasion ability against dental enamel. Robotic brushing is a comparable technique to clinical hand brushing for removing dental plaque, according to a study that compared the efficacy of robotic brushing with clinical hand brushing. Robotic brushing may even replace manual clinical hand brushing.

Let’s sum up. Robots in dentistry improve accuracy, reproducibility, and reliability; however, due to a lack of accessible systems, the amount of research done in robotic dentistry is limited. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of knowledge about programming and controlling robotic systems. As a result, effective collaboration between dentists and engineers is required to research this field. Robotics in dentistry is showing promise in material testing, orthodontics, prosthodontics, oral surgery, and implant dentistry. Apart from difficult operating systems and high costs, the most significant limitations for robotic dentistry are the robots’ fundamental manipulation and sensory abilities and their lack of learning capabilities.

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These features and benefits are equally applicable to computer-assisted surgery (CAS), which uses computer technology for surgical planning and guiding or performing surgical interventions. However, robots provide greater accuracy and precision than CAS. However, due to their ability to constrain the tools, robots are much superior to CAS.

In CAS, a surgeon holds the tools and could ignore all warnings to the contrary and cut into unsafe regions. On the other hand, the robots can be programmed to prevent motions into critical regions or only allow motions along a specified direction. Thus, the robots are considered safe and enhance the safety of the procedure compared with conventional surgery and CAS.

The main difference between robotic and computer-assisted surgery is that robots are moved by some sort of motorized system while computer-assisted systems are generally manually powered by the surgeon.

In surgery, the majority of computer-based systems are tracking systems. These may be used to track tools or parts of the anatomy, either using a sensor-based system or clamping the tool onto a manipulator arm whose joints are monitored for the position. The sensor-based systems usually use an array, either of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or optical reflectors, attached to the tool. A group of cameras can track the position and orientation of the array in three-dimensional space. The tool and its three-dimensional coordinates can then be represented on a computer screen concerning the coordinates of the target anatomy, which is also represented.

The CAS systems, unlike robots, rely on the surgeon for motive power. However, they too are vulnerable to hardware and software errors in the data provided by the tracking systems for the tools and tissue. The surgeon must detect a problem and take corrective action or stop the procedure. In addition, just as for robotic surgery, most CAS systems use a pre-operative planning system. It allows the surgeon to take patient images, form them into three-dimensional models and display them on a computer with the various tool locations. The surgeon can then simulate the whole procedure and ensure that the proposed protocol is correct, removing worry and strain from the actual operation. The safety issues for pre-operative planners in both CAS and robots are broadly similar.

Compared with CAS systems, the potential benefits available to a well-designed robotic surgery system are:

• The ability to move in a predefined and reprogrammable complex three-dimensional path, both accurately and predictably.
• The ability accurately and repeatedly to position and orientate at a reprogrammable point or a series of points. Although CAS systems may also have this ability, robot accuracy is generally higher.
• The ability to make repetitive motions, for long periods, tirelessly.
• The ability to move to a location and hold tools there for long periods accurately, rigidly, and without tremors.
• The ability actively to constrain tools to a particular path or location, even against externally imposed forces, thus preventing damage to vital regions. It can lead to safer procedures than those achieved using CAS.
• To be able to move, locate and hold tools within hazardous environments without damage to the surgeon (e.g., from fluoroscopic or radioactive sources).
• To be able to make precise micro motions with prespecified micro forces.
• To respond and adapt very quickly and automatically, either in response to sensor signals or changes in commands.
• To perform ‘keyhole’ minimal access surgery without the aid of vision and without ‘forget- ting’ the path or the location.

In short, robots have the very useful property of constraining and guiding surgical interventions in a way that is not possible with normal CAS systems. Robots can be autonomous and carry out repetitive actions tirelessly, as well as move through complex paths with considerable accuracy.

However, since they tend to involve additional components for the system, robots will inevitably make the equipment costlier and complex than CAS systems. This cost and complexity will be easier to justify in those procedures where the benefits of robotic interventions provide a clear advantage over CAS.

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Recently, Tennova Healthcare – Clerksville has announced that it is bringing its second robotic surgical system online. This will allow surgeons to access the technology and perform complex surgeries in gynecology, urology, etc.

Meanwhile, the US ocular system producer and engineering service provider is fast-tracking medical equipment development programs to reduce complications and improve surgical outcomes. This is expected to solve the most difficult issues of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) companies in optics and photonics product technologies. Gray Optics, a partner to OEM instrument companies, has designed PCR instruments with lower-cost devices that regularize diagnostic testing.

Moreover, Portland, a marine-based company, has advanced endoscopic imaging capabilities by combining multiple components and designs, which allows surgeons to detect tissues and blood vessels distinctly. Its fiber-optic scrutiny assisted in repairing heart defects and optical coherence tomography. Its 3D chip-on-tip endoscope is used for robotic surgery applications.

Furthermore, surgical robot maven memic is planning to track SPAC to improve the Hominis system launch. This device consists of a pair of articulated and laparoscopic instruments that can work as a replicate human arm with shoulder, elbow, and wrist joins in guiding the camera through a tiny slit in the abdomen. All of these global companies are constantly adopting the surgical robotics system, owing to its advantages.

Advantages of using robotic surgical technology

Robotic surgery or robot-assisted surgery is a kind of laparoscopic or minimally invasive operation which allows doctors to carry out complex surgical procedures with more accuracy, flexibility, and control. Unlike the conventional techniques, the surgeon is assisted by a computerized robot. The robotic surgical system consists of a camera arm and a mechanical arm with surgical instruments. Once the robotic arm is placed in the abdomen, the doctor can operate and control the arms through an endoscope which provides a high definition, magnified, and 3D view of the surgical site. This system is very flexible and also can rotate 360 degrees.

This bliss of technology helps the surgeon operate in microscopic spaces inside human bodies that otherwise need open surgery. Robotic surgery creates smaller cuts than open surgery on the human body, so post-surgery hazards like pain and scars are much less than the usual surgeries. Also, it paves the way for the quick recovery time of the patient.

Before and after the procedure

The patient is not allowed to have any food or fluid for eight hours before the robotic surgery. Most importantly, aspirin and blood thinners such as Plavix, medicines, vitamins, and supplements should be strictly avoided 10 days before the surgery.

To perform traditional open surgery on the human body, a slit of a minimum of eight inches is required, which is why patients usually stay up to 14 days in the hospital. Here in robotic surgery, surgical cuts and scars are small; thereby, the patient recovered soon after the procedure.

Top five surgical robotics systems

• Vinci surgical robotics system by Intuitive is the first robotic surgery device to get Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for use in minimally invasive The system is used in various operations, including colorectal, gynecology, head and neck, thoracic, urology, and others. More than 1,600 Vinci systems are right now installed in hospitals across the world, and over 750,000 patients have undergone surgeries through this robotic surgical system.
• Ion surgical robotics system by Intuitive is designed to let surgeons perform laparoscopic operations deep inside the lung. During the operation, the physician uses a robotic catheterto navigate through the tiniest and intricate airways of the lung. This catheter is flexible to move 180 degrees in all directions. Other than that, biopsy tools, such as forceps and needles inside the catheter, helps in reaching the targeted lung tissue. This special system applies fiber optic shape-sensing technology to offer robotic control of the catheter’s position.
• The Mako System offers partial knee, total hip, and total knee function. This system allows precise implant positioning and a CT scan to achieve a 3D representation of the patient’s bone structure.
• The NAVIO Surgical System also assists with total knee replacement procedures. But in this technique, bone mapping is generated during the operation to yield a 3D model of the patient’s bone structure.
• Auris Health’s bronchoscopy equipment is another robotics-assisted system that includes a video game-like controller. The surgeon uses this controller to navigate the robotic endoscope throughout the bronchioles of the lungs. This system offers an innovative new technology to perform endoscopic procedures through continuous bronchoscope vision, computed guidance, and accurate control of instruments.

Therapeutic robot devices

Medical robots are no more restricted to surgical techniques. There are varieties of medical robots which are used for fulfilling other healthcare stuff.

• Telepresence robots are majorly used as therapeutic tools for people suffering from mental illnesses like dementia. It improves the quality of a patient’s life through social connection.
• Rehabilitation robot – This robotic device assists different sensorimotor functions. These are mainly used in the recuperation process of patients with disabilities in standing up and balancing. End effector systems and powered exoskeletons can be used for rehabilitation. End effector-based robots are faster to set up and adapt, whereas exoskeletons offer precise joint isolation and gait transparency.
• Medical transportation robot – These robots possess advanced automated transport power, used to serve patients with medicines and meals on time. This technology also helps in enhancing communication among doctors, staff, and patients.
• Sanitation and disinfection robot – With the outbreak of various microbial and viral infections and the rapid spread of coronavirus, the sanitation and disinfection robot has a major role in hospitals. These robots use hydrogen peroxide vapor and ultraviolet light to kill germs and viruses.
• Robotic prescription dispensing system – This system brings multiple benefits to pharmacists, physicians, and patients. It safeguards the patient by eliminating the risk of human error. It is also capable enough to meet the demands of daily prescription volumes, thus benefiting the pharmacies. This configured system can further minimize the threat from contamination, especially caused by airborne pharmaceutical dust.

The current market scenario of surgical robotics

Currently, the global demand for robotic or minimally invasive surgeries (MIS) is rapidly increasing, owing to the advantages of these procedures, such as fast recovery, less pain, and others. At the same time, few other factors like the increasing need for robotization in the healthcare industry, rise in the number of surgeries (bone transplant, knee & hip replacement, osteoporosis), and the trend of advanced robotic surgeries are majorly contributing to the growth of the global surgical robotics market. According to a report published by Allied Market Research, the global surgical robotics market size is projected to reach $98737.0 million with a considerable CAGR from 2017 to 2024. In fact, the growing number of ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) provides a lucrative opportunity for key market players in the surgical robotics market.

In addition, the key market players are introducing several cost-effective and flexible surgical robots, which, sequentially, is driving the market’s growth. With this drift on board, medical science is expected to shower numerous technological amazements shortly, which will increase the global demand for surgical robots to a great extent. This way, the constant surge in demand for surgical robots will further expand the global market.

About the author:

Suchita Gupta is an explorer, musician, and content writer. While pursuing MBA, she found that nothing satisfies her more than writing on miscellaneous domains. She is a writer by day and a reader by night. Besides, she can be found entertaining her audience on social media platforms. Find her on LinkedIn & Instagram.

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